Raws li kev lig kev cai, nws ntseeg tau tias surfactants yog ib yam khoom uas tuaj yeem txo qhov nro (interfacial) nruj txawm tias tsawg heev. Nrog rau qhov tob ntawm kev tshawb fawb ntawm surfactants, feem ntau ntseeg tau tias txhua yam khoom uas tuaj yeem hloov pauv qhov chaw (interface) cov khoom lossis cov khoom muaj feem cuam tshuam thiab muab tau los ntawm qhov qis dua tuaj yeem raug cais raws li surfactant.
Txawm hais tias hom surfactant, nws cov qauv molecular yog tsim los ntawm ob feem. Ib qho kawg ntawm cov molecule yog ib pawg hydrophobic uas tsis tshua muaj oleophilic, qee zaum kuj hu ua pawg oleophilic; Lwm qhov kawg ntawm cov molecule yog ib pawg polar hydrophilic hydrophilic, qee zaum kuj hu ua pawg oleophobic lossis piv txwv hu ua lub taub hau hydrophilic. Ob hom molecular fragments lossis cov pab pawg ua haujlwm nrog cov qauv sib txawv thiab cov khoom muaj nyob rau ntawm ob qhov kawg ntawm tib lub molecule thiab txuas nrog cov khoom siv tshuaj lom neeg, tsim cov qauv asymmetric thiab polar, yog li muab qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm cov molecule no nrog ob qho tib si hydrophilic thiab lipophilic zog. , thiab tsis tag nrho hydrophilic lossis lipophilic zog. Cov qauv tshwj xeeb ntawm surfactants feem ntau hu ua "amphiphilic qauv", thiab surfactant molecules yog li feem ntau hu ua "amphiphilic molecules".
Nyob ntawm cov khoom xav tau thiab cov xwm txheej tshwj xeeb, cov surfactants qee zaum yuav tsum muaj cov qauv hydrophilic thiab oleophilic sib txawv thiab cov txheeb ze ntom ntom. Los ntawm kev hloov hom, kev faib ua feem, thiab txoj hauj lwm ntawm pawg hydrophilic lossis lipophilic hauv cov qauv molecular, qhov kev xav tau ntawm hydrophilic thiab lipophilic tshuav nyiaj li cas tuaj yeem ua tiav. Tom qab xyoo ntawm kev tshawb fawb thiab kev tsim khoom, ntau hom surfactants tau muab los, txhua qhov muaj ntau ntau yam, ua rau nws nyuaj rau kev txheeb xyuas thiab xaiv ntau yam tshwj xeeb. Yog li ntawd, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum tau txheeb xyuas ntau txhiab tus surfactants txhawm rau pab txhawb kev tshawb fawb ntxiv thiab tsim cov ntau yam tshiab, thiab muab kev yooj yim rau kev tshuaj xyuas thiab siv cov surfactants.
Adsorption khoom
Zoo adsorption nyob rau hauv kev daws: nce wetting, emulsifying, thiab foaming zog;
Adsorption ntawm cov khoom nto: Ib txheej adsorption ntawm cov khoom tsis yog-polar,
Ntau txheej adsorption tuaj yeem tshwm sim rau ntawm cov khoom siv polar