① Los ntawm 2500 BC rau 1850 BC, yaj roj thiab ntoo tshauv tau siv los ua xab npum
Cov roj yaj - tricarboxylic acid ester, luv luv li triglycerides, dhau alkaline hydrolysis → carboxylate + monoglyceride + diglyceride + glycerol
Nruab nrab -19th caug xyoo
Ntawm qhov tod tes, xab npum pib ua tiav kev tsim khoom lag luam, thiab ntawm qhov tod tes, chemically synthesized surfactants kuj tshwm sim.
② Qhov tshwm sim ntawm Türkiye liab roj:
Türkiye liab roj yog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv cov khoom ntawm castor roj thiab sulfuric acid. Castor roj yog triglyceride ntawm castor roj acid
Sib sib zog nqus sulfonation, acid thiab tawv dej resistant
③ Thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th, cov khoom siv ntxhia tau siv los npaj cov tshuaj ntxuav tes
Kev loj hlob ntawm Petroleum Industry → Petroleum Sulfuric Acid (Green Oil)
Ib tug sulfonated sib tov ntawm wax thiab tshuaj yej, yaj nyob rau hauv acid thiab nthuav tawm ib tug ntsuab dub xim, yog npaj los ntawm neutralization nrog alkali.
Petroleum sulfonic acid xab npum muaj dej zoo solubility thiab hu ua ntsuab sodium (thawj cov tshuaj ntxuav tes ua los ntawm cov ntxhia raw cov ntaub ntawv)
Thaum Ntiaj Teb Tsov Rog Zaum I, cov roj thiab cov rog tau tshwm sim
Coal ntau lawm → Coal tshuaj kev lag luam kev loj hlob → Short chain alkyl thiab nanosulfonate surfactants
Xws li propyl naphthalene sulfonate thiab butyl naphthalene sulfonate
1920-1930 Sulfation ntawm fatty alcohols → Alkyl sulfates
Nyob rau xyoo 1930, cov saw ntev alkyl thiab phenyl pawg tau tshwm sim hauv Tebchaws Meskas
Tom qab Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb thib 1, Lub Tebchaws Yelemees tau tsim cov ethylene glycol derivatives, xws li polyethylene glycol derivatives. Polyethylene glycol tau ua ke nrog ntau yam organic tebchaw (xws li cawv, acids, esters, amines, amides) los tsim ntau yam zoo heev uas tsis yog-ionic surfactants.
Kev tsim cov surfactants thiab hluavtaws detergents raws li kev lag luam tuaj yeem taug qab rov qab mus rau xyoo 1930s, thaum hluavtaws surfactants thiab detergents tau los ntawm petrochemical raw cov ntaub ntawv tsoo lub monopoly ntawm xab npum. Tom qab ntau tshaj 60 xyoo ntawm txoj kev loj hlob, lub ntiaj teb tag nrho cov tshuaj ntxuav tes tau mus txog 43 lab tons hauv 1995, suav nrog 9 lab tons ntawm xab npum. Raws li cov kws tshaj lij kev kwv yees, cov pej xeem hauv ntiaj teb yuav nce ob npaug ntawm 2000 txog 2050, thiab tag nrho cov tshuaj ntxuav tes yuav nce los ntawm 50 lab tons mus rau 120 lab tons, nrog rau qhov nce ntawm 1.4 lab tons, uas yog ib qho kev txhawb nqa.
Kev lag luam surfactant thiab hluavtaws hluavtaws hauv Suav teb tau pib hauv xyoo 1950, thiab txawm tias nws pib lig, nws tau tsim sai heev. Xyoo 1995, tag nrho cov khoom ntxhua khaub ncaws tau nce mus txog 3.1 lab tons, nyob rau qib thib ob hauv ntiaj teb tom qab Tebchaws Meskas. Kev tsim cov khoom siv hluavtaws tau nce los ntawm 400000 tons hauv xyoo 1980 txog 2.3 lab tons hauv xyoo 1995, nce ntxiv ntawm 4.7 npaug, thiab loj hlob ntawm qhov nruab nrab txhua xyoo kev loj hlob ntawm ntau dua 10%.
Raws li cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj hauv Suav teb, tag nrho cov khoom ntxhua khaub ncaws yuav ncav cuag 3.6 lab tons hauv xyoo 2000, ntawm cov khoom siv hluavtaws yuav ncav cuag 655000 tons. Ntawm lawv, hom surfactants uas muaj peev xwm ntau tshaj 10000 tons muaj xws li sodium linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS), sodium fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene ether sulfate (AES), ammonium fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene ether sulfate (AESA), sodium lauryl alcohol sulfate (K12). los yog SDS), nonylphenol polyoxyethylene ether (TX-10), Pingpingjia O, diethanolamide (6501), glycerol stearate, lignosulfonate, hnyav alkylbenzene sulfonate, alkyl sulfonate (petroleum sulfonate), diffuser NNO, diffuser polyeMF (a -EO copolymer), fatty cawv polyoxyethylene ether (AEO-3), thiab lwm yam.